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The likelihood of hypertensive patients developing COVID-19, who were treated by ARBs, was reported to decrease by 76% (Yan et al., 2020). EBioMedicine. Epub 2023 Mar 31. The abnormal humoral metabolism in lungs and the resulting pulmonary edema have become the main life-threatening factors in COVID-19 patients. (1999). 97 (18), 1028210287. PCTR1 Improves Pulmonary Edema Fluid Clearance through Activating the Sodium Channel and Lymphatic Drainage in Lipopolysaccharideinduced ARDS. 8 (8), 807815. doi:10.1126/science.abb2507, Xu, X., Chen, P., Wang, J., Feng, J., Zhou, H., Li, X., et al. Natl. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00395.2015, Birrell, M. A., Belvisi, M. G., Grace, M., Sadofsky, L., Faruqi, S., Hele, D. J., et al. Pflugers Arch. As such, the S protein is essential for viral infection (Heald-Sargent and Gallagher, 2012; Li, 2016; Walls et al., 2020). 276 (22), 1865718664. 6, 331345. Chansu Injection Improves the Respiratory Function of Severe COVID-19 Patients. J. Respir. Lancet Respir. It has been reported that transepithelial ion transport in alveolar monolayers can be activated by K+ channel openers in vitro under physiological conditions (Leroy et al., 2006). doi:10.1056/NEJMoa013183, Sayegh, R., Auerbach, S. D., Li, X., Loftus, R. W., Husted, R. F., Stokes, J. Pulmonary edema - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic The general regulation approaches of AFC. J.I. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000247065.11756.19, Andr, E., Gatti, R., Trevisani, M., Preti, D., Baraldi, P., Patacchini, R., et al. Circ. The Study on the Treatment of Xuebijing Injection (XBJ) in Adults with Severe or Critical Corona Virus Disease 2019 and the Inhibitory Effect of XBJ against SARS-CoV-2. Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. doi:10.1152/ajplung.1998.275.3.L631, Perkins, G. D., McAuley, D. F., Thickett, D. R., and Gao, F. (2006). Physiol. Santos JLF, Zanardi P, Alo V, Dos Santos V, Bovone L, Rodriguez M, Magdaleno F, De Langhe V, Villoldo A, Martinez Souvielle R, Alconcher J, Quiros D, Milicchio C, Garcia Saiz E. J Clin Med. 110 (25), E2308E2316. The Clinical Benefits of Chinese Patent Medicines against COVID-19 Based on Current Evidence. It has been shown that SARS-CoV-2 infects human cells via specific binding of S-protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) (Figure 2 Infection and replication process of SARS-CoV-2) (Xu et al., 2020) and the binding affinity between these two proteins is 1020 times greater than that of SARS-CoV and ACE2 (Yan et al., 2020; Wrapp et al., 2020). COVID-19 Vaccine and Pulmonary Embolism: Is There a Link? - Healthline doi:10.1111/nyas.14472, Adil, M. S., Narayanan, S. P., and Somanath, P. R. (2020). After internal reviews of the reports, the CDC "did not find any data suggesting a link between Covid-19 vaccines and tinnitus," an agency . Reaffirms recommendation for Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine. (2014). Overall, the decreased expression of alveolar Na-K-ATPase, misregulation of sodium, potassium, AQP, and RAS channels and abnormal metabolism of BK and HA can all lead to lung liquid clearance failure and pulmonary edema, resulting in severe lung damage and ARDS in COVID-19 patients (Figure 6 The general regulation approaches of AFC). Here, we summarized several natural compounds and TCM formulas which are very likely to be potential drugs or have already shown predominant efficacy of COVID-19 patients. Natural compounds can inhibit the binding between the virus and the ACE2 receptor of host cells. Circuits between Infected Macrophages and T Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia. (2020). Thus, the relieve of pulmonary edema should be one of the critical concerns in terms of the treatment of COVID-19 patients. doi:10.1002/jmv.25761, Luo, X., Ni, X., Lin, J., Zhang, Y., Wu, L., Huang, D., et al. Accumulation of HA can directly induce ARDS and pulmonary edema. Clinical Course and Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a Single-Centered, Retrospective, Observational Study. J. Pract. Breathtaking TRP Channels: TRPA1 and TRPV1 in Airway Chemosensation and Reflex Control. As Gabazza et al., (2004) reported, lung fibrosis is linked to decreased mRNA and protein expression of AQP-5 in the lung. Chem. COVID-19 Vaccine FAQ | American Lung Association (2001). Myocarditis, Pulmonary Hemorrhage, and Extensive Myositis with Adipose-derived Exosomes Protect the Pulmonary Endothelial Barrier in Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury by Inhibiting the TRPV4/Ca2+ Signaling Pathway. Careers. Struct. Pulmonary edema - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Therefore, the excessive release and decreased hydrolysis of BK through activating BKB1 and BKB2 receptors result in extra vascular leakage and pulmonary edema (Figure 5 Mechanism of BK inducing pulmonary edema and potential drugs) (Zwaveling et al., 2020). 275(3), L631L635. Heart Circ. SSRN. doi:10.1177/0004563220922255, Liu, Y., Huang, F., Xu, J., Yang, P., Qin, Y., Cao, M., et al. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. The COVID-19 Vaccine Development Landscape. The structure of coronavirus (Figure 1 A vision of coronavirus with the minimal set of structural proteins.) doi:10.1002/path.2987, Wrapp, D., Wang, N., Corbett, K. S., Goldsmith, J. (2016). A Mechanistic Model and Therapeutic Interventions for COVID-19 Involving a RAS-Mediated Bradykinin Storm. Like all medicines, the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccines can cause side effects. Rev. J. Biol. Biochem. A., Hsieh, C.-L., Abiona, O., et al. Immune-modulatory agents for COVID-19 include tocilizumab, human immunoglobulin and the convalescent plasma. Original Article Antibody Responses to Haemophilus influenzae Type b Vaccines in Men with Human . Qing-Fei-Pai-Du Decoction, which is officially recommended for the treatment of COVID-19 patients as mentioned in the guideline issued by NHC (Trial 7th edition) (PRC, 2020), has an effective rate higher than 90% (2020) and can mediate the inflammatory storm induced by COVID-19 (Yang et al., 2020b), regulate the innate immune, cytokine activities (IL-17, NF-B, TNF etc. Am. TRPV1, expressed in C-fibers of the vagus nerves innervating airways (Cui et al., 2016), has been considered to play a key role in cough reflex and increased airway sensitivity caused by various diseases (Andr et al., 2009; Couto et al., 2013). Pharmacol. J. Pharmacol. COVID-19 Infection: the Perspectives on Immune Responses. Cough Reflex Testing with Inhaled Capsaicin and TRPV1 Activation in Asthma and Comorbid Conditions. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal (2020). Sci. COVID-19 patients often have pathological features such as pulmonary interstitial or alveolar edema, diffuse tracheal phlegm thrombus and pulmonary inflammatory lymphoid infiltration, and are prone to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), causing lung injury (Cutts et al., 2017). Emodin, an anthraquinone compound from genus Rheum and Polygonum, can markedly prevent the binding of S protein and ACE2 in the study of SARS-CoV (Ho et al., 2007). doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30076-x, Yan, H., Valdes, A. M., Vijay, A., Wang, S., Liang, L., Yang, S., et al. (2020c). Physiol. Mechanism of BK inducing pulmonary edema and potential drugs. See this image and copyright information in PMC. (2020). J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. (1997). (1977). doi:10.2174/1874467211306010003, Gabazza, E. C., Kasper, M., Ohta, K., Keane, M., D'Alessandro-Gabazza, C., Fujimoto, H., et al. Some others will likely be approved soon (Kaur and Gupta, 2020; Thanh Le et al., 2020). Abstract Background Severe cardiogenic pulmonary edema is a . There are multiple potential mechanisms leading to pulmonary edema in severe Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) patients and understanding of those mechanisms may enable proper management of this condition. medRxiv. Rev. Additionally, other major ADRs were potentially linked to the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, including central nervous system thrombosis, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism [3-5]. Cryptotanshinone Inhibits Endothelin-1 Expression and Stimulates Nitric Oxide Production in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells. We also obtain PFTs in recovering COVID-19 patients with severe pulmonary involvement or COVID-19-related ARDS, which applies to many patients who required hospitalization. 383 (19), 18131826. Contact. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.10044, Lippi, G., South, A. M., and Henry, B. M. (2020). Multiple TCMs have been already clinical applied for COVID-19 in China and achieved high recovery rate. J. Biol. Negative-feedback Loop Attenuates Hydrostatic Lung Edema via a cGMP-dependent Regulation of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2028836, Tang, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, D., Xu, Z., Ji, J., and Wen, C. (2020). Water and sodium disturbances along with the unusual serum potassium levels are most common. Sci. Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes Are Susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. A. H. (2020). Eur. Exuberant Elevation of IP-10, MCP-3 and IL-1ra during SARS-CoV-2 Infection Is Associated with Disease Severity and Fatal Outcome. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.18.12431, Schlagenhauf, P., Grobusch, M. P., Maier, J. D., and Gautret, P. (2020). doi:10.1111/jcmm.15146, Harada, H., and Takahashi, M. (2007). Convalescent plasma have been initially shown to be beneficial for COVID-19 patients with severe infection stabilizing the immune system (Shen et al., 2020), but the subsequent randomized controlled trial did not show significant improvement within 28days (Li et al., 2020). Meanwhile, the number of patients in the treatment group presenting improved PaO2/FiO2 and ROX index was higher than that of the control group (95.2% vs. 68.4% and 73.7%). Ijerph 17 (15), 5320. doi:10.3390/ijerph17155320, Kunzelmann, K., Beesley, A. H., King, N. J., Karupiah, G., Young, J. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1432, Fleckenstein, A. 21, 97S107S. Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), present in human lungs, kidneys and other organs, plays a vital role in lung fluid clearance (Figure 4 Mechanism of inhibiting ENaC inducing pulmonary edema) (Matthay et al., 2002). (1986). JAMA 323 (16), 15821589. Diagnostics | Free Full-Text | The Role of Cardiac Biomarkers in the He had no cough, expectoration, nasal discharge or sore throat. Br. CDC/FDA announce pause in use of Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine after identification of 6 cases of CVST with thrombocytopenia. Efficacy and Safety of Lianhuaqingwen Capsules, a Repurposed Chinese Herb, in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial. However, the activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which may be triggered by inflammatory factors (Shapiro, 2001), brings PG degradation, inducing pulmonary edema. N. Engl. B., et al. 291 (6), L1207L1219. Res. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Physiol. Epithelial Sodium Channel Regulated by Aldosterone-Induced Protein Sgk. Wiersinga, W. J., Rhodes, A., Cheng, A. C., Peacock, S. J., and Prescott, H. C. (2020). Its active absorption of Na+ is the main driving force of fluid clearance at birth and alveolar fluid absorption at adult stage (Bardou et al., 2012). Respir. Frontiers | Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients: Mechanisms and includes glycoproteins, membranes and nucleic acids. Neurobiol. (1985) 93 (4), 15331541. Nonetheless, little attention has been paid to CD44 in COVID-19 treatment. (2014). 318 (4), L723L741. Nat. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4783, Shi, N., Liu, B., Liang, N., Ma, Y., Ge, Y., Yi, H., et al. J. Respir. doi:10.5582/ddt.2020.03070, Ahmed, M. H., and Hassan, A. government site. 308 (11), L1178L1188. Since pulmonary edema can be promoted by decreased expression of alveolar Na-K-ATPase (Woods et al., 2015), drugs or compounds which activate the sodium channel and Na-K-ATPase may be putative therapeutics. Pulmonary edema secondary to congestive heart failure 274 (53), 3783437839. A., Auerbach, S. D., Husted, R. F., Volk, K. A., Ageloff, S., Knepper, M. A., et al. Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin Receptor 1 Is a Novel Target for Pro-tussive Agents. For patients recovering from COVID-19 who have persistent, progressive, or new respiratory symptoms, we obtain PFTs including spirometry, lung volumes, and diffusion capacity. Front Pharmacol. Allergy Clin. As reported, PaO2/FiO2 and ROX index of patients receiving conventional treatment combined with toad venom injection (20ml/day) improved significantly (111.30 to 35.90 for PaO2/FiO2 and 7.56 to 2.94 for ROX). Moreover, exogenous delivery of Ang (17) was shown to play a part in reducing inflammation and improving pulmonary function in ARDS models (Wosten-van Asperen et al., 2011). Pharmacol. In addition, potassium channels can act as oxygen sensors in alveolar epithelium and thus adjust lung function to environmental changes in O2 levels (Bartoszewski et al., 2017). 471 (4), 519532. doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.003, Solymosi, E. A., Kaestle-Gembardt, S. M., Vadasz, I., Wang, L., Neye, N., Chupin, C. J. ), cell growth and death, as well as the degradation of damaged cells (Zhao et al., 2020). Protectin DX Increases Alveolar Fluid Clearance in Rats with Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury. eCollection 2021. *Correspondence: Hongyue Ma, hongyuema@njutcm.edu.cn; Edyta Marcon, edyta.marcon@utoronto.ca; Jing Zhou, zhoujing_nj@126.com, Abnormal Lung Humoral Metabolism in COVID-19, Conventional Treatment of Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients, Putative Drug Targets for Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients, Natural Compounds and Traditional Chinese Medicines for the Treatment of Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.664349, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.664349/full#supplementary-material, http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202003/46c9294a7dfe4cef80dc7f5912eb1989.shtml. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00285.2017, Beigel, J. H., Tomashek, K. M., Dodd, L. E., Mehta, A. K., Zingman, B. S., Kalil, A. C., et al. EM did the language polishing. (2018). (2020b). Physiol. (2020). Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Pulmonary Chemical Injuries and as Countermeasure Targets. First post-authorization U.S. doses of Janssen COVID -19 Vaccine. Gut 69 (6), 10101018. Quantitative mRNA Expression Profiling of ACE 2, a Novel Homologue of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme. Immunol. Vaccine-induced interstitial lung disease: a rare reaction to COVID-19 8 (4), 420422. Pharmacol. Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients: Mechanisms and Treatment (2020). Naunyn-schmiedeberg's Arch. Studies have confirmed that selective TRPV4 activation induces rapid loss of alveolo-capillary barrier function and consequent alveolar edema formation (Alvarez et al., 2006). Allergol. Therefore, AQP-5 may be a promising drug target for treating abnormal humoral metabolism as well as lung injury caused by COVID-19. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Urgent reconsideration of lung edema as a preventable outcome in COVID-19: inhibition of TRPV4 represents a promising and feasible approach. (2020a). Subjects 1760 (1), 19. 288 (2), 192206. 2023 Apr;201(2):159-170. doi: 10.1007/s00408-023-00615-9. Perplexingly, successful balance of lung humoral metabolism may lead to the reduction of the number of COVID-19 death limiting the possibility of healthcare services with insufficient capacity to provide ventilator-assisted respiration. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! doi:10.1111/bph.12414, Kaur, S. P., and Gupta, V. (2020). Limmer A, Engler A, Kattner S, Gregorius J, Pattberg KT, Schulz R, Schwab J, Roth J, Vogl T, Krawczyk A, Witzke O, Zelinskyy G, Dittmer U, Brenner T, Berger MM. (2020). Virol. doi:10.1164/rccm.200508-1302OC, Pickkers, P., Dormans, T. P. J., Russel, F. G. M., Hughes, A. D., Thien, T., Schaper, N., et al. Front. 2, 26372646. Some of these TCMs along with their constituent and antiviral and reducing pulmonary edema mechanisms are shown in Table 3. Dis. Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Patients Infected with 2019-New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A Review and Perspective. Decreased Expression of Aquaporin-5 in Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis in the Mouse fibrosis in the Mouse. Bradykinin (BK) is an important cellular mediator that causes vasodilatation and leaky blood vessels, leading to vascular leakage and edema (de Maat et al., 2020). Pulmonary Edema. The toad venom injection can significantly improve the pulmonary function of COVID-19 patients by regulating PaO2/FiO2 and ROX index and thus alleviate pulmonary edema. Mil. (2020). the Coronavirus Spike Protein and Acquisition of Fusion Competence. As of Sunday, at least 16,183 people had filed complaints with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that they'd developed tinnitus, or ringing in their ears, after receiving a Covid vaccine. Potentially, glucocorticoids can be used as anti-inflammatory drugs in ARDS and pulmonary edema as well as in COVID-19 patients. Patients in intensive care units (ICU) have higher plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, MCP1, MIP1A, GSCF, IP10, and TNF (Huang et al., 2020). 11, 1708. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01708, Thanh Le, T., Andreadakis, Z., Kumar, A., Gmez Romn, R., Tollefsen, S., Saville, M., et al. (2020a). It is also highly expressed in cardiomyocytes, epithelial cells of renal proximal convoluted tubule, urothelial cells, esophagus, and ileum (Harmer et al., 2002; Zhang et al., 2020), facilitating a quick invasion of the human body by SARS-COV-2 and causing complications. 35 (19), 30142017. (Engl) 133 (9), 10511056. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00255.2019, Zhang, B.-M., Wang, Z.-B., Xin, P., Wang, Q.-H., Bu, H., and Kuang, H.-X. Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine. Am. Chills and swollen lymph nodes can also occur. Recombinant Human ACE2: Acing Out Angiotensin II in ARDS Therapy. Therefore, the S protein determines the host cell of the virus, regulates the viral attachment and fusion with the host cell membrane, and promotes cellular invasion. Also, thrombocytopenia and thrombosis have been mostly reported after AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) and Johnson & Johnson/Janssen COVID-19 vaccines [ 3 ]. 2021 Jan;93(1):94-96. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26152. Acad. Pathol. Phytomedicine 85, 153242. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153242, Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., et al. (2014). Pathophysiology and incidence - Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is an extremely rare syndrome that can occur in individuals who received certain adenoviral-vectored coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. North America 33 (4), 869889. Infection and replication process of SARS-CoV-2. Infection of Mice with Influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) Virus Alters Alveolar Type II Cell Phenotype. RAS plays a significant role in ARDS as well as pulmonary edema processes. Pharmacol. Rev. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12839, Wittekindt, O. H., and Dietl, P. (2019). Purpose To investigate pulmonary vascular abnormalities at CT pulmonary angiography (CT-PE) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. Glucocorticoids, especially dexamethasone, have already been applied in the clinical treatment of COVID-19. J. Appl. Side effects of the coronavirus vaccines | NHS inform 2023 Feb 15;12(4):1542. doi: 10.3390/jcm12041542. (2020). J. 4 (159), 159ra148. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic, therefore the efforts of scientists around the world are focused on finding the right treatment and vaccine for the novel disease. The COVID-19 test was negative but with low blood pressure, leukocytosis, skin rash, pulmonary edema, and increased inflammation markers. Perplexingly, successful balance of lung humoral metabolism may lead to the reduction of the number of COVID-19 death limiting the possibility of healthcare services with insufficient capacity to provide ventilator-assisted respiration. During the infection of SARS-CoV-2, RAS, BK and hyaluronic acid (HA) are all involved in the regulation of AFC and the formation of pulmonary edema (Garvin et al., 2020). Pulmonary capillary leak syndrome following COVID-19 virus infection. TALLAHASSEE, Fla. Florida Surgeon General Joseph Ladapo personally altered a state-driven study about Covid-19 vaccines last year to suggest that some doses pose a . Ursodeoxycholic Acid Stimulates Alveolar Fluid Clearance in LPSinduced Pulmonary Edema via ALX/cAMP/PI3K Pathway. Coronavirus; Race and Medicine . The Pfizer study defined their primary endpoint as cases of symptomatic, confirmed COVID-19 occurring at least seven days after the second injection, while Moderna counted symptomatic, confirmed COVID-19 cases occurring at least 14 days after the second injection. Rev. (2020). 532 (1), 4. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03640-2, Heald-Sargent, T., and Gallagher, T. (2012). doi:10.1007/s00018-007-6228-6, Itani, O. Aspirin: Generic, Uses, Side Effects, Dosages, Interactions - RxList Lianhuaqingwen Exerts Anti-viral and Anti-inflammatory Activity against Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The fluid transudes into and accumulates in the interstitium of lungs and finally alveolars from lung capillary, leading to severe disorder of pulmonary ventilation and gas exchange (Staub, 1974). Pediatr. Existing drugs and inhibitors targeting the components of humoral metabolism may serve as potential treatments for COVID-19 and should be further investigated. (2004). doi:10.1152/ajplung.1998.274.2.l203, Negrini, D., Passi, A., de Luca, G., and Miserocchi, G. (1996). Zhang J, Zhou N, Wang Y, Liu T, Cao Y, Feng W, Zheng X. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 36 (6), 420425. (2020b). doi:10.1016/j.resp.2011.11.009, Fan, H.-H., Wang, L.-Q., Liu, W.-L., An, X.-P., Liu, Z.-D., He, X.-Q., et al. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in an Adult after COVID-19 - PubMed J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Potassium channels modulate the expression of ENaC. Jiangsu Qing Lan Project for Young Academic Leaders of China. Infection, pulmonary edema, lung cancer, aspiration, and pulmonary hemorrhage are some of the diseases that can cause consolidation. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 invasion leads to alveolar and vascular epithelial cells damage impelling the formation of minimal thrombus, increasing pulmonary venous pressure and vascular permeability and leading to massive loss of tissue fluid. COVID-19 Treatment and Diagnosis Guideline (7th version, trial) [Online]. Amiloride. 80 (4), 394400. 275 (2), L414L422. Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri (IRCCS), Italy. 2023 Feb 13;11(2):435. doi: 10.3390/vaccines11020435. (2020). Fatigue, headache, chills, and new or worsened muscle pain were most common. Aquaporins in the Lung. doi:10.1161/01.cir.37.1.45, Cai, J., Li, H., Zhang, C., Chen, Z., Liu, H., Lei, F., et al. It has already been shown that the dysregulated release of cytokines is one of the key factors behind poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Cell Death Differ 27 (5), 14511454. Virus. (2018). Accessibility (2020c). doi:10.1152/ajplung.00376.2005, Li, C., Wang, P., Li, M., Zheng, R., Chen, S., Liu, S., et al. As reported, large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (BKCa) in alveoli can reduce alveoli opening during hypoxia, detect O2 variation, and adjust ion transport and fluid clearance (Jovanovi et al., 2003). Most side effects are mild and normally last only a day or two. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004276, Towne, J. E., Krane, C. M., Bachurski, C. J., and Menon, A. G. (2001). 8600 Rockville Pike TRPV4: Physiological Role and Therapeutic Potential in Respiratory Diseases. doi:10.1152/physiol.00026.2008, Birket, S. E., Chu, K. K., Houser, G. H., Liu, L., Fernandez, C. M., Solomon, G. M., et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Am. Ann. Med. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Influenza Induces IL-8 and GM-CSF Secretion by Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells through HGF/c-Met and TGF-/EGFR Signaling. (2020). J. Physiol. (2020). Crit. In this review, we discuss the clinical characteristics of COVID-19, current as well as potential new treatments based on the reduction of lung edema through various means, drugs, TCMs or natural compounds.
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